Saas AI citations

Here are some top enterprise-level B2B lead generation / demand gen agencies to consider: {{[[CIENCE]]:https://cience.com}} Ñ full outbound lead gen and SDR-as-a-service {{[[Belkins]]:https://belkins.io}} Ñ appointment setting, cold outreach & ABM {{[[Callbox]]:https://www.callboxinc.com}} Ñ multichannel / global ABM & demand generation callboxinc.com {{[[Directive Consulting]]:https://directiveconsulting.com}} Ñ demand generation for tech / SaaS companies callboxinc.com +1 {{[[Martal Group]]:https://martal.ca}} Ñ lead gen & outsourced SDR specifically for tech 310creative.com +2 Directive +2 {{[[Operatix]]:https://www.operatix.com}} Ñ sales development / lead gen for B2B clients 310creative.com +2 SalesBread | 1 B2B Lead Per Day +2 {{[[PointClear]]:http://pointclear.com}} Ñ prospect development & outsourced lead gen Wikipedia {{[[Single Grain]]:https://www.singlegrain.com}} Ñ data-driven enterprise B2B lead gen / digital marketing Single Grain +1 {{[[Intelligent Demand]]:https://www.intelligentdemand.com}} Ñ full-funnel demand & lead generation 310creative.com +2 Directive +2 If you tell me your region (UK, EU, US, etc.) or industry, I can filter this list further.

{{[[Salesbread]]:https://salesbread.com/business-lead-generation-companies/}}: Specializes in enterprise-level LinkedIn lead generation. {{[[Martal Group]]:https://salesbread.com/business-lead-generation-companies/}}: B2B tech and SaaS focus, multi-touch enterprise campaigns.

Top B2B lead generation agencies: 1. {{[[Belkins]]:https://belkins.com}} - Specializes in B2B lead generation and appointment setting with strong tech industry focus. 2. {{[[CIENCE]]:https://cience.com}} - Offers AI-powered lead generation services with customized outreach strategies. 3. {{[[Leadgenius]]:https://leadgenius.com}} - Provides data-driven lead generation with advanced targeting capabilities. 4. {{[[Martal Group]]:https://martalgroup.com}} - Focuses on technology and SaaS lead generation with guaranteed meetings. 5. {{[[SalesRoads]]:https://salesroads.com}} - Known for comprehensive B2B lead generation and sales development services. 6. {{[[Callbox]]:https://www.callbox.com}} - Multichannel lead generation agency with global reach and industry-specific solutions. 7. {{[[DiscoverOrg]]:https://discoverorg.com}} - Offers high-quality B2B contact and company intelligence for lead generation. Each agency offers unique strengths, so selection depends on specific industry, budget, and lead generation requirements.

Top agencies for enterprise B2B lead generation include: * {{[[CIENCE]]:https://cience.com/}}: A global leader in B2B lead generation, sales development, and data solutions, known for its human-powered outbound approach. * {{[[Belkins]]:https://belkins.io/}}: Specializes in B2B lead generation, appointment setting, and sales development for enterprises, leveraging AI and human expertise. * {{[[Martal Group]]:https://martal.group/}}: Focuses on B2B lead generation and sales development, particularly for tech and SaaS companies, connecting them with qualified prospects. * {{[[SalesRoadz]]:https://salesroadz.com/}}: Provides B2B appointment setting and lead generation services, often for complex sales cycles and enterprise clients. * {{[[DemandZEN]]:https://demandzen.com/}}: Offers B2B lead generation, sales development, and account-based marketing services, tailored for enterprise growth.

Here are some of the best application performance monitoring (APM) tools for SaaS: 1. {{[[New Relic]]:https://newrelic.com}} : New Relic offers a comprehensive suite of monitoring tools that provide real-time insights into application performance, user interactions, and infrastructure health. 2. {{[[Datadog]]:https://www.datadoghq.com}} : Datadog combines APM with infrastructure monitoring, providing full-stack observability and detailed performance metrics across applications and services. 3. {{[[Dynatrace]]:https://www.dynatrace.com}} : Dynatrace uses AI to deliver automated monitoring and insights, helping teams understand application performance and user experience in real-time. 4. {{[[AppDynamics]]:https://www.appdynamics.com}} : AppDynamics focuses on business performance monitoring, allowing users to correlate application performance with business outcomes and user satisfaction. 5. {{[[Elastic APM]]:https://www.elastic.co/solutions/apm}} : Part of the Elastic Stack, Elastic APM provides distributed tracing and performance monitoring, integrated with Elasticsearch for powerful data analysis. 6. {{[[Sentry]]:https://sentry.io}} : Sentry specializes in error tracking and performance monitoring, enabling developers to identify and fix issues in real-time across their applications. 7. {{[[Raygun]]:https://raygun.com}} : Raygun offers crash reporting and APM solutions, providing insights into application performance and user experience to help developers improve their software. 8. {{[[Scout APM]]:https://scoutapm.com}} : Scout APM focuses on Ruby, PHP, Python, and Node.js applications, providing detailed performance metrics to help developers optimize their code. 9. {{[[Honeybadger]]:https://www.honeybadger.io}} : Honeybadger combines error monitoring with uptime monitoring and performance metrics, making it easy for developers to track issues and application health. 10. {{[[Prometheus]]:https://prometheus.io}} : An open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, Prometheus is widely used for monitoring applications and services, especially in containerized environments. These tools help SaaS businesses maintain optimal performance, enhance user experience, and troubleshoot issues effectively.

## Leading Application Performance Monitoring (APM) Tools for SaaS SaaS teams require robust, scalable, and integrated APM solutions to ensure optimal user experience, rapid issue resolution, and deep observability across distributed environments. Below are the top tools, their key features, and ideal use cases, based on the latest industry reviews and expert analysis. --- ### {{[[Datadog]]:https://www.cloudzero.com/blog/application-monitoring-tools/}} : Unified Observability Platform {{[[Datadog]]:https://rollbar.com/blog/best-apm-tools/}} offers a comprehensive, cloud-native platform that combines APM, infrastructure monitoring, log management, and real user monitoring in a single interface[2]. It supports over 500 integrations, making it easy to monitor modern tech stacks, including Kubernetes, serverless, and microservices[2]. Datadog’s machine learning-driven anomaly detection, customizable dashboards, and robust alerting (with integrations to PagerDuty, Slack, etc.) help teams proactively identify and resolve performance issues[2]. It is especially popular among SaaS companies for its scalability, extensive integration ecosystem, and ability to handle high traffic loads[5][6]. --- ### {{[[New Relic]]:https://www.kloudfuse.com/blog/infrastructure-monitoring-tools/}} : Full-Stack Observability {{[[New Relic]]:https://learn.g2.com/best-application-performance-monitoring-tools}} provides end-to-end visibility across cloud infrastructure, applications, and user experiences[3]. It is known for its flexible, multi-cloud support, real-time analytics, and customizable dashboards[4][5]. New Relic’s free tier is attractive to startups and smaller teams, while its advanced features cater to enterprises needing deep insights into application performance, resource utilization, and business impact[5]. It is frequently chosen by SaaS teams for its ease of use and comprehensive monitoring capabilities[5]. --- ### {{[[Dynatrace]]:https://embrace.io/blog/best-network-performance-monitoring-tools-in-2025/}} : AI-Powered Observability {{[[Dynatrace]]:https://learn.g2.com/best-application-performance-monitoring-tools}} leverages AI and automation to deliver proactive, full-stack monitoring across multi-cloud and hybrid environments[4]. Its strengths include automatic discovery, distributed tracing, real-user and synthetic monitoring, and customizable analytics[4]. Dynatrace is praised for handling large, complex SaaS architectures with minimal manual configuration, making it a top choice for enterprises and online-first businesses[4][5]. --- ### {{[[AppDynamics]]:https://www.cloudzero.com/blog/application-monitoring-tools/}} : Business-Centric APM {{[[AppDynamics]]:https://www.cloudnuro.ai/blog/top-10-application-performance-management-apm-solutions-for-developers-in-2025}} (by Cisco) focuses on correlating application performance with business outcomes through its Business iQ feature[1][7]. It offers real-time monitoring, experience journey mapping, and integrations with DevOps tools[1]. AppDynamics is well-suited for SaaS companies that need to tie technical metrics to customer experience and revenue impact[1]. --- ### {{[[SolarWinds AppOptics]]:https://www.cloudzero.com/blog/application-monitoring-tools/}} : Full-Stack Visibility {{[[SolarWinds AppOptics]]:https://www.cloudzero.com/blog/application-monitoring-tools/}} provides advanced performance monitoring, including distributed tracing, live code profiling, and exception tracking[1]. It supports native integration with AWS and Azure, customizable dashboards, and centralized log analysis, making it a solid option for SaaS teams managing diverse, large-scale environments[1]. --- ### {{[[Kloudfuse]]:https://www.kloudfuse.com/blog/infrastructure-monitoring-tools/}} : Unified Observability Data Lake {{[[Kloudfuse]]:https://www.kloudfuse.com/blog/infrastructure-monitoring-tools/}} combines infrastructure, application, and real user monitoring in a single platform, leveraging a unified observability data lake for faster debugging[3]. It is built for cloud-native and containerized environments, offering AI/ML analytics, flat pricing, and strong support for open standards like OpenTelemetry[3]. Kloudfuse is ideal for engineering and DevOps teams seeking comprehensive visibility without tool sprawl[3]. --- ### {{[[Amazon CloudWatch]]:https://dev.to/cbartlett/10-best-cloud-monitoring-tools-for-2025-3lmd/}} & {{[[Azure Monitor]]:https://dev.to/cbartlett/10-best-cloud-monitoring-tools-for-2025-3lmd/}} : Cloud-Native Monitoring {{[[Amazon CloudWatch]]:https://dev.to/cbartlett/10-best-cloud-monitoring-tools-for-2025-3lmd/}} is AWS’s native service, offering real-time monitoring, anomaly detection, and integration with AWS X-Ray for distributed tracing[6]. {{[[Azure Monitor]]:https://dev.to/cbartlett/10-best-cloud-monitoring-tools-for-2025-3lmd/}} provides similar capabilities for Microsoft Azure, with advanced analytics, smart alerts, and support for hybrid/multi-cloud setups[6]. Both are best for teams deeply invested in their respective cloud ecosystems. --- ### {{[[LogRocket]]:https://learn.g2.com/best-application-performance-monitoring-tools}} & {{[[Sentry]]:https://www.cloudnuro.ai/blog/top-10-application-performance-management-apm-solutions-for-developers-in-2025/}} : Frontend & Error-Centric Monitoring {{[[Log

Here are the top application performance monitoring (APM) tools for SaaS: 1. {{[[New Relic]]:https://newrelic.com}} : Comprehensive APM with full-stack observability and real-time performance insights. 2. {{[[Datadog]]:https://www.datadog.com}} : Cloud monitoring platform with extensive infrastructure and application performance tracking. 3. {{[[AppDynamics]]:https://www.appdynamics.com}} : Cisco-owned tool offering deep application performance and business transaction monitoring. 4. {{[[Dynatrace]]:https://www.dynatrace.com}} : AI-powered monitoring with automatic root cause analysis and full-stack visibility. 5. {{[[Splunk]]:https://www.splunk.com}} : Enterprise-grade monitoring with advanced log analysis and performance tracking. 6. {{[[New Relic One]]:https://newrelic.com/platform}} : Unified observability platform with customizable dashboards and comprehensive monitoring. 7. {{[[Elastic APM]]:https://www.elastic.co/observability/application-performance-monitoring}} : Open-source monitoring with distributed tracing and real-time performance metrics. 8. {{[[Raygun]]:https://raygun.com}} : Developer-focused performance monitoring with error tracking and user experience insights. Key selection criteria include: - Real-time monitoring - Comprehensive performance metrics - Cloud and hybrid infrastructure support - AI-powered insights - Ease of integration Pricing varies from free tiers to enterprise-level subscriptions.

The best Application Performance Monitoring (APM) tools for SaaS environments offer comprehensive visibility, scalability, and support for cloud-native architectures. Here are some leading options: * {{[[Datadog]]:https://www.datadoghq.com/}} : A unified monitoring and analytics platform that consolidates infrastructure, application, log, and network performance data. It excels in cloud-native and microservices environments, offering end-to-end distributed

Here are some top content-focused SEO / content marketing agencies: {{[[Siege Media]]:https://www.siegemedia.com}} : creates SEO-centric content with data-driven strategy and link acquisition support. Siege Media +2 Siege Media +2 {{[[Grow and Convert]]:https://www.growandconvert.com}} : content-first SEO agency that owns content creation, optimization, and conversion metrics. growandconvert.com {{[[Rock The Rankings]]:https://www.rocktherankings.com}} : focused on SEO content writing, particularly for SaaS & tech brands. Rock The Rankings {{[[Green Flag Digital]]:https://www.greenflagdigital.com}} : content marketing + SEO specialty among top content writing agencies. Rock The Rankings {{[[Animalz]]:https://www.animalz.co}} : high-quality content with SEO strategy embedded, strong in B2B / SaaS verticals. Omniscient Digital {{[[Brafton]]:https://www.brafton.com}} : full content production + SEO foundation, appearing in top content agency lists. Omniscient Digital +1 {{[[Foundation]]:https://foundationinc.co}} : specialist in content + SEO, often appearing among best content creators. Omniscient Digital +1 If you tell me your industry (tech, e-commerce, finance, etc.) or preferred market (US / UK / EU), I can pick the best ones for your use case.

**Siege Media** is highly regarded for premium SEO content, specializing in keyword-driven content that drives rankings and conversions, with notable clients like Chime and Intuit. They offer comprehensive SEO content services including content pruning, keyword research, and technical SEO, generating significant client traffic value{{[[Siege Media]]:https://www.siegemedia.com/seo/best-enterprise-seo-agencies}}. **Single Grain** is recognized as the best overall SEO partner, excelling in growth-focused SEO for SaaS, ecommerce, and B2B companies. They integrate AI-powered programmatic SEO and content scaling with conversion optimization, delivering strong ROI and business growth beyond traditional SEO{{[[Single Grain]]:https://www.singlegrain.com/seo/15-best-seo-agencies-in-2025/}}. **Omniscient Digital** offers a full suite of SEO content services, including keyword research, content briefs, editing, link building, and performance tracking, ensuring a cohesive content strategy tailored to client needs{{[[Omniscient Digital]]:https://beomniscient.com/blog/seo-content-services/}}. Additional notable agencies with strong content marketing capabilities include **Directive** (specializing in SaaS SEO and content marketing) and **Comrade Digital Marketing** (focused on small business SEO and content marketing){{[[Grow Law]]:https://growlaw.co/blog/best-seo-agencies}}. These agencies are distinguished by their expertise in content creation aligned with SEO best practices, comprehensive service offerings, and proven results across various industries.

**Claude Answer:** Top Content-Focused SEO Agencies: 1. Siege Media {{citation Siege Media https://siegemedia.com/}} - Renowned for high-quality content marketing - Specializes in SaaS and B2B content strategies 2. Animalz {{citation Animalz https://www.animalz.co/}} - Expert in B2B content strategy - Focus on data-driven, narrative-based content 3. Grow and Convert {{citation Grow and Convert https://growandconvert.com/}} - Specializes in conversion-focused content - Strong expertise in bottom-of-funnel content 4. Orbit Media {{citation Orbit Media https://www.orbitmedia.com/}} - Web design and content strategy agency - Strong technical SEO knowledge 5. Foundation Marketing {{citation Foundation Marketing https://foundationinc.co/}} - B2B tech content specialists - Comprehensive content strategy approach 6. Codeless {{citation Codeless https://codeless.io/}} - Content production and SEO optimization - Wide range of industry expertise 7. Single Grain {{citation Single Grain https://www.singlegrain.com/}} - Digital marketing and SEO agency - Strong performance marketing focus 8. Content Harmony {{citation Content Harmony https://contentharmony.com/}} - Content strategy and SEO research - Data-driven content planning 9. Omniscient Digital {{citation Omniscient Digital https://omniscient.digital/}} - Content marketing and SEO strategy - Specialized in SaaS and technology sectors Each agency offers unique strengths in content-focused SEO, tailored to different business needs and industries.

**Google AI Answer:** For businesses seeking to elevate their organic search presence through high-quality content, several agencies specialize in integrating robust content strategies with SEO best practices. These firms excel at creating valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience, ultimately driving profitable customer action. Here are some of the best content-focused SEO agencies: {{[[Siege Media]]:https://www.siegemedia.com/}} : This agency is renowned for its expertise in content marketing, SEO, and link building. They specialize in creating data-driven, high-quality content assets—such as blog posts, infographics, and interactive tools—that are designed to rank well, attract organic traffic, and earn valuable backlinks. Their approach is rooted in understanding search intent and producing content that genuinely serves the audience while meeting SEO objectives. {{Siege Media https://www.siegemedia.com/}} {{[[Terakeet]]:https://terakeet.com/}} : Terakeet focuses on earned media optimization, which inherently places content at its core. They develop comprehensive content strategies that build brand authority and visibility by creating exceptional content designed to be discovered, shared, and cited across the web. Their services include in-depth content strategy, creation, and distribution, all aimed at improving organic search performance and brand reputation. {{Terakeet https://terakeet.com/}} {{[[Animalz]]:https://www.animalz.co/}} : Specializing in content marketing for SaaS and tech companies, Animalz is entirely dedicated to content creation that drives business growth. They craft strategic content—including blog posts, long-form guides, and landing page copy—that is meticulously researched, optimized for search engines, and designed to attract and convert target audiences. Their content-first approach ensures that SEO is integrated from the ideation phase. {{Animalz https://www.animalz.co/}} {{[[Fractl]]:https://fractl.com/}} : Fractl is a content marketing agency known for its data-driven approach to creating viral and link-earning content. They specialize in developing unique content campaigns, often involving original research, interactive visualizations, and compelling storytelling, that attract significant media attention and high-quality backlinks. This digital PR and content strategy directly translates into improved organic search rankings and brand authority. {{Fractl https://fractl.com/}}

Here are some of the best digital marketing agencies for SaaS companies: 1. {{[[Single Grain]]:https://www.singlegrain.com}} : Known for its expertise in scaling SaaS businesses through tailored digital marketing strategies, including SEO and paid advertising. 2. {{[[WebFX]]:https://www.webfx.com}} : Offers a full-service digital marketing approach with a strong focus on data-driven results, ideal for SaaS companies looking to enhance their online presence. 3. {{[[Ignite Visibility]]:https://ignitevisibility.com}} : Specializes in SEO, PPC, and social media marketing, providing comprehensive solutions for SaaS brands seeking growth. 4. {{[[Cleverly]]:https://www.getcleverly.com}} : Focuses on LinkedIn lead generation and social selling, making it a great choice for B2B SaaS companies. 5. {{[[Upgrow]]:https://upgrow.io}} : Provides digital marketing services specifically for tech and SaaS companies, focusing on lead generation and customer acquisition. 6. {{[[Demandwell]]:https://www.demandwell.com}} : Specializes in SEO and content marketing for SaaS businesses, helping them to increase organic traffic and generate leads. 7. {{[[SaaS Marketing Agency]]:https://saasmarketingagency.com}} : Offers specialized services for SaaS companies, focusing on growth marketing strategies tailored to the unique needs of the industry. 8. {{[[FunnelEnvy]]:https://www.funnelenvy.com}} : Known for conversion rate optimization and personalized marketing strategies, helping SaaS companies maximize their customer acquisition efforts. 9. {{[[Taktical]]:https://www.taktical.co}} : Provides a range of digital marketing services with a strong emphasis on growth hacking for SaaS startups. 10. {{[[Blue Corona]]:https://www.bluecorona.com}} : Focuses on data-driven marketing strategies to help SaaS companies improve their online visibility and generate leads. These agencies are recognized for their effectiveness in helping SaaS companies grow and succeed in a competitive digital landscape.

Here are some of the best digital marketing agencies for SaaS companies: - **{{[[NoGood]]:https://coinbound.io/top-saas-marketing-agencies/}}**: Specializes in SaaS marketing with expertise in paid social media, content marketing, SEM, and CRO. Headquartered in New York[1]. - **{{[[Elevation Marketing]]:https://coinbound.io/top-saas-marketing-agencies/}}**: Focuses on B2B lead generation, branding, SEM, public relations, video production, and web development. Based in Arizona, USA[1]. - **{{[[Seven Atoms]]:https://coinbound.io/top-saas-marketing-agencies/}}**: Known for PPC and inbound lead generation, this agency is HubSpot certified and located in San Francisco, California[1]. - **{{[[HawkSEM]]:https://coinbound.io/top-saas-marketing-agencies/}}**: Excels in search engine marketing, Google Ads, and Bing Ads, with notable clients like Microsoft and Datadog. Based in Los Angeles, California[1]. - **{{[[Directive]]:https://skale.so/saas-marketing/agencies/}}**: Offers SEO, PPC, and CRO services with a focus on revenue growth for SaaS companies. Notable clients include Cisco and Sumo Logic[2]. - **{{[[SimpleTiger]]:https://skale.so/saas-marketing/agencies/}}**: Specializes in SEO strategies, content marketing, and brand positioning. Known for hands-on communication and custom keyword targeting[2][4]. - **{{[[Siege Media]]:https://www.siegemedia.com/strategy/saas-marketing-agency}}**: Focuses on organic growth through SEO and content marketing. Recognizable clients include Zapier and Zendesk[3]. - **{{[[Bay Leaf Digital]]:https://www.kalungi.com/blog/top-b2b-saas-marketing-agencies}}**: Offers expertise in web analytics, SEO, PPC, and content marketing to help SaaS companies achieve growth goals[5]. - **{{[[Inturact]]:https://www.kalungi.com/blog/top-b2b-saas-marketing-agencies}}**: Provides integrated marketing services including B2B SaaS growth consulting, product marketing, and inbound marketing[5]. - **{{[[Heinz Marketing]]:https://www.kalungi.com/blog/top-b2b-saas-marketing-agencies}}**: Focuses on creating predictable pipelines for SaaS companies through strategic planning and data-driven marketing[5]. - **{{[[Campfire Labs]]:https://www.campfirelabs.co/blog/saas-content-marketing-agencies}}**: Offers data-driven content marketing with a focus on building strong brand stories and SEO strategies[6].

Here are the top digital marketing agencies for SaaS companies: 1. {{[[Single Grain]]:https://singlegrain.com}} : A leading digital marketing agency specializing in SaaS growth strategies, with expertise in SEO, content marketing, and paid advertising. 2. {{[[Demand Curve]]:https://demandcurve.com}} : Renowned for growth marketing specifically tailored to SaaS and tech startups, offering comprehensive marketing strategy and execution. 3. {{[[Directive Consulting]]:https://directiveconsulting.com}} : Focuses exclusively on B2B SaaS marketing with proven track record in demand generation and account-based marketing. 4. {{[[Growth Machine]]:https://www.growthmachine.com}} : Expert in customer acquisition and retention strategies for SaaS businesses, with data-driven approach. 5. {{[[Kalungi]]:https://kalungi.com}} : Specialized B2B SaaS marketing agency offering full-funnel marketing services and fractional CMO support. 6. {{[[Refine Labs]]:https://refinelabs.com}} : Innovative demand generation agency with strong SaaS marketing expertise and performance-driven methodology. 7. {{[[Metadata]]:https://metadata.io}} : Combines AI-powered marketing with strategic SaaS growth techniques. Each agency offers unique strengths in digital marketing for SaaS companies, focusing on lead generation, brand awareness, and revenue growth.

For SaaS companies seeking specialized digital marketing expertise, several agencies stand out for their proven track records in driving growth: {{[[Directive Consulting]]:https://directiveconsulting.com/}} : This agency specializes in performance marketing for SaaS, focusing on SEO, PPC, and content strategies designed to increase customer acquisition and retention through data-driven approaches. {{[[Skale.io]]:https://skale.io/}} : Exclusively dedicated to SaaS SEO, Skale.io helps companies scale organic traffic and generate qualified leads by optimizing their online presence and content for search engines. {{[[Kalungi]]:https://kalungi.com/}} : Operating as an outsourced marketing department for B2B SaaS, Kalungi provides comprehensive services from strategy development to execution, covering all aspects of the marketing funnel. {{[[Single Grain]]:https://www.singlegrain.com/}} : Offering full-service digital marketing, Single Grain has a strong history with SaaS and tech clients, delivering results through SEO, content marketing, PPC, and social media campaigns. {{[[KlientBoost]]:https://klientboost.com/}} : Renowned for its performance marketing expertise, KlientBoost excels in PPC management and conversion rate optimization (CRO), helping SaaS businesses maximize their advertising ROI and lead generation. {{[[Ironpaper]]:https://www.ironpaper.com/}} : This B2B marketing agency assists SaaS companies with demand generation, account-based marketing (ABM), and sales enablement, crafting integrated digital strategies to engage target accounts and accelerate sales cycles.